فصلنامه مشکوه
پیاپی 153 (زمستان 1400)

Applying Qur'anic moral concepts is one of the important needs of the society, and responding to it due to these concepts' multi-generational scope, often requires the use of interdisciplinary approaches and methods. In this regard, we have tried to analyze "generosity" (karam) applications in Semitic languages through historical semantics and anthropological achievements approaches. Also, through the semantic study of the Qur'an structure and through the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, we will present a more accurate understanding of this word’s various applications. These data can be categorized into two groups of concepts and examples and then analyzed through logical analysis approach. The result of this research will be to achieve the three components of "generosity combined with dignity inherent in a communication behavior". The "communication and relationship" component reveals the necessity of investigating "dignity" as a communication behavior. It also reveals the knowledge of the communication's main elements characteristics; sender, receiver, and the message. Examining the analysis of the Qur'anic application of the word "generosity" indicates an excellent pattern in this regard, which is based on the connection of "Lord" in the form of Lordship with the highest frequency on the one hand and divine messengers on the other hand. This pattern can be studied in other types of communication behavior and lead to satisfaction and then improve human relations with the Creator, with oneself, with others and with the environment. Based on the Qur'anic model, what characteristics the communication parties (the communicator and the receiver) should have, and what are the achievements of this model for other types of communication behavior, are the questions that this research seeks to answer through a descriptive-analytical study with the aim of applying the Qur'anic concept of dignity.

Most Islamic thinkers agree that the Holy Qur'an uses the language of metaphor in describing abstract concepts, especially those related to the afterlife. According to the traditional interpretation, metaphor in Qur’anic verses has been used to facilitate the understanding of these concepts and the beauty of discourse. In contrast, according to conceptual metaphor theory, in addition to understanding abstract concepts, metaphors are used to produce the message and purpose of speech. Therefore, by cognitive analysis of the Holy Qur'an metaphorical expressions, the message hidden in these expressions can be achieved. The results of the study of verses related to the afterlife from the perspective of cognitive semantics and data analysis based on the theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), show that the afterlife placiality, the verses' expressive structure based on motion and the verses' expressive structure based on the movement and statistical results of the origin and destination areas in the verses are the reason for human life continuation in these worlds in order to receive the necessary capacity to reach the destination through changes and transformations. Also, the realization of the goal and the destination adaptation to the origin in the human movement course are some other messages of the studied verses metaphorical expressions.

The most important scientific feature of the modern period is comprehending the need to restore and regenerate human knowledge, including the Qur'anic interpretation and sciences. Researchers who have been engaged in Qur'anic studies in the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, recommended that these studies should be revised based on the achievements of contemporary western humanities and elements such as the interpretation methodology, historical criticism, literary criticism, formal criticism, hermeneutic discussions and the validation of the Muslim interpretative tradition should be added. The new paradigm emphasizes the necessity of methodology, which means the process that justifies the text comprehension and determines the process through which the meaning is obtained. This is the long-standing "algorithm" proposed in experimental sciences. This is the long-standing "algorithm" proposed in experimental sciences. The question is whether the experience of the church regarding the Qur'an can be repeated, and the Qur'anic and exegetical studies can become a non-religious and experimental activity? The current research first of all reveals the inadequacy of the recommended algorithms by looking at the methodology nature in its modern sense, which only takes the first step towards the goal of the text. It ultimately leads the reader through the first world of the text, but it is far from the end of the revelatory text, which is the second world of the text. Then, while showing the failure of some examples, it becomes clear that the studies based on these methods have the plague of externalism - which is manifested in the form of cognitive defects and lack of empathy. So, although there is no other choice but to transition to modern interpretation, there is no need to rush and worry about modernizing the interpretation based on such findings.

The miracle of the Holy Qur’an, began at the end of the third AH century, and the knowledge arising from that has changed over the centuries .After a widespread decline in the thirteenth century, it has gradually grown, and in the fourteenth century, it has achieved a high level of quantitative and qualitative development. It seems that social factors had more effect than other factors on this development. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and using the knowledge sociological approach, in order to confirm the hypothesis authentication, Effective social components in the process of knowledge of miracles of the Holy Qur'an such as the institution of religion and politics, and structures such as Sufism and other common discourses have been examined and the effect of these institutional, structures and discourses factors on the transformation of knowledge of the Qur'an miracles   for analysis and use for the future is considered. Studies show that the efforts of the religious institution in expanding attention to the new dimensions of the Qur'an miracles, such as scientific miracles, have played a fundamental role, but the continuation of scientific politicization continues to strengthen attention to scientific issues and create a "feeling of inferiority." The effort of the religious institution and scholars to show various methods effectiveness causes the "discourse of accountability" expansion. The establishment of separatist institutions and the efforts of the ruling western political institutions in Islamic countries have helped it and ultimately lead to the spread of prudential and humanistic interpretation structures.

Utilizing new research tools is a methodical reflection that can be used to better understand of religious texts. Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis model is an interdisciplinary method in the texts qualitative analysis that examines linguistic and metalanguage elements at three levels: description, interpretation and explanation. This study intends to apply discourse analysis model to understand the Qur'anic hypocrisy verses. The research results indicate that at description level, the divine discourse has introduced the identity of the hypocrites by choosing appropriate words and phrases. Semantic contrast, omission, de-personalization and empirical value of words are the most important levels in description level of hypocritical verses. The verses' situational context and the psychological component are among the metalanguage elements in the hypocrisy verses study, the attention to which has an effect on the objectivity of the critical discourse of the hypocrites. At the level of explanation, which is the reproduction of description and interpretation levels, the divine discourse has expressed the corrective methods in the face of the hypocrites. Giving insight, condemning counter-values, warning and tolerance and coexistence with hypocrites are the most important Qur'anic amendatory methods in the face of hypocrisy, which have a fundamental place in education.

The prophets' miracles in the Qur'an have been studied from different angles, but the Qur'an linguistic method to transfer concepts has not received much attention so far. In this article, as an interdisciplinary study, cognitive linguistics is used and this research focusing on verses is considered as the corpus-based method. Image schema is one of the most fundamental concepts in cognitive linguistics that plays an essential role in human pre-conceptual perception. These schemas are derived from human interaction with the real world and they are a fundamental tool for understanding many abstract concepts. Since Qur'anic concepts have different layers of meaning, therefore, the use of this tool is essential for its deeper understanding. This research tries to use the schema-based approach in cognitive linguistics to extract all types of schemas used in the miracles of the steadfast seers in the Qur'an, as well as the related propositions and explain the each one's function. Investigations show that in narrating and explaining miracles' scenes, power schemas include coercion (beginning and end of the miracle), removal of obstacles (crossing the sea/cleft the rock), mutual force (truth/false) and the like have the most applications. The multiplicity of power schema in the miracles verses can indicate the importance of the language transmission method in the structure of the miracle-oriented verses of the Holy Qur'an. In addition to the force schema in the metaphorical infrastructure of the verses, there are other schemas such as movement (truth establishment), volume (predominance) and existence (size).